S Chand Biology Class 9 Chapter 2 PDF Free Download
Biology is an interesting and important subject for students who want to learn about the living world and its diversity. Biology also helps students to understand the concepts related to health, environment, agriculture, and biotechnology. S Chand Biology Class 9 is a comprehensive book that covers the CBSE syllabus and follows the NCERT guidelines. The book is written by Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur, who are experienced teachers and authors. The book explains the concepts in a simple and lucid language, with ample diagrams, illustrations, examples, and activities. The book also provides exercises, summary, key points, and important questions at the end of each chapter.
s chand biology class 9 chapter 2 pdf free download
Introduction
In this article, we will provide you with the information about S Chand Biology Class 9 Chapter 2 PDF free download. Chapter 2 is titled "Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life" and it deals with the structure and function of cells and tissues. Cells are the basic units of life that make up all living organisms. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar structure and function. This chapter will help you to understand the diversity and complexity of life at the cellular level.
What is Chapter 2 about?
Chapter 2 of S Chand Biology Class 9 covers the following topics:
Types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Structure of a cell: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles
Functions of cell organelles: mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, centrosomes, cilia, flagella, etc.
Types of tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues in plants; epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues in animals
Structure and function of plant tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, epidermis, etc.
Structure and function of animal tissues: squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, columnar epithelium, ciliated epithelium, glandular epithelium, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, blood tissue, bone tissue, cartilage tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue, etc.
Why is Chapter 2 important?
Chapter 2 is important because it helps you to:
Appreciate the diversity and complexity of life at the cellular level
Understand the structure and function of cells and their organelles
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Identify different types of tissues in plants and animals
Relate the structure and function of tissues to their roles in various organs and systems
Prepare for the CBSE exams and other competitive exams
How to download Chapter 2 PDF for free?
If you want to download Chapter 2 PDF for free, you can follow these steps:
Visit the official website of S Chand Publishing at [1](
Select Class 9 from the drop down menu and click on Biology
Scroll down to find the book "S Chand Biology Class 9" by Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur
Click on the book cover to open the book page
Click on the "Download PDF" button to download the chapter-wise PDFs of the book
Alternatively, you can also click on the "View Online" button to read the chapters online
Note: You may need to register or log in to access the PDFs or the online book. You can also buy the book online or offline from the same website.
Chapter 2 Summary
Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life
A cell is the smallest unit of life that can perform all the functions of living organisms. Cells are also called the building blocks of life because they make up all living things, from bacteria to humans. Cells vary in size, shape, and structure, depending on their function and location. However, all cells have some common features, such as a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles.
Types of Cells
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells. They do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They have a single circular chromosome and a cell wall. Examples of prokaryotic cells are bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells. They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They have multiple linear chromosomes and may or may not have a cell wall. Examples of eukaryotic cells are plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Structure of a Cell
The structure of a cell can be studied under a microscope. The main components of a cell are:
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Cell membrane: It is the outermost layer of the cell that separates it from the environment. It is made up of phospholipids and proteins. It is selectively permeable, which means it allows only certain substances to pass through it.
Cytoplasm: It is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell. It contains water, salts, enzymes, and other molecules. It also contains the cell organelles.
Nucleus: It is the control center of the cell that contains the genetic material (DNA). It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. It has a small spherical structure called the nucleolus that makes ribosomes.
Cell organelles: They are specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell. Some of the important cell organelles are:
Mitochondria: They are the powerhouses of the cell that produce energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose in a process called cellular respiration.
Plastids: They are found only in plant cells and some protists. They are of different types, such as chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum: It is a network of membranous tubes that transport materials within the cell. It can be smooth (without ribosomes) or rough (with ribosomes).
Golgi apparatus: It is a stack of flattened sacs that modify, sort, and package proteins and other molecules for secretion or storage.
Lysosomes: They are small vesicles that contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and foreign invaders in the cell.
Vacuoles: They are large sacs that store water, food, waste, or other substances in the cell. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that helps maintain turgor pressure and shape.
Ribosomes: They are small particles that make proteins by joining amino acids in a process called protein synthesis.
Centrosomes: They are found only in animal cells and some protists. They contain two cylindrical structures called centrioles that help in cell division.
Cilia and flagella: They are hair-like or whip-like extensions of the cell membrane that help in movement or locomotion.
Tissues - Groups of Cells with Similar Functions
A tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and function. Tissues work together to form organs and organ systems. There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues are classified into meristematic tissues and permanent tissues. Animal tissues are classified into epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues, and nervous tissues.
Types of Tissues
The following table summarizes the types of tissues in plants and animals:
Type of Tissue Description Examples --- --- --- Plant Tissues Meristematic Tissues They are composed of undifferentiated cells that divide rapidly and continuously. They are responsible for growth and development of plants. Apical meristem, lateral meristem, intercalary meristem Permanent Tissues They are composed of differentiated cells that have a specific structure and function. They are derived from meristematic tissues. Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, epidermis Animal Tissues Epithelial Tissues They are composed of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer over the body surfaces, cavities, and glands. They protect, secrete, absorb, and filter substances. Squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, columnar epithelium, ciliated epithelium, glandular epithelium Connective Tissues They are composed of loosely arranged cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix. They support, bind, and transport substances. Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, blood tissue, bone tissue, cartilage tissue Muscular Tissues They are composed of elongated cells that contract and relax to produce movement. They are classified into voluntary and involuntary muscles. Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue Nervous Tissues They are composed of specialized cells called neurons that transmit electrical impulses and coordinate various activities. They also contain supporting cells called neuroglia. Nerve tissue Structure and Function of Plant Tissues
Plant tissues can be divided into two types: simple and complex. Simple tissues are made up of one type of cell, while complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cell. The following table describes the structure and function of some plant tissues:
Plant Tissue Structure Function --- --- --- Parenchyma It is a simple tissue that consists of thin-walled, living cells that have large vacuoles and intercellular spaces. The cells may be spherical, oval, or polygonal in shape. It performs various functions such as storage of food and water, photosynthesis, respiration, secretion, etc. It is found in the cortex and pith of stems and roots, mesophyll of leaves, pulp of fruits, etc. Collenchyma It is a simple tissue that consists of thick-walled, living cells that have unevenly thickened corners. The cells may be elongated or angular in shape. It provides mechanical support and flexibility to the plant parts. It is found in the hypodermis of stems and petioles, veins of leaves, etc. Sclerenchyma It is a simple tissue that consists of thick-walled, dead cells that have lignified walls. The cells may be long and slender (fibres) or short and thick (sclereids). It provides mechanical strength and rigidity to the plant parts. It is found in the pericycle of stems and roots, hard shells of nuts and seeds, etc. Xylem It is a complex tissue that consists of four types of cells: tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres. Tracheids and vessels are elongated tubes that conduct water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral transport. Xylem fibres provide support. It transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. It also provides mechanical support to the plant parts. It forms the wood or secondary growth in woody plants. Phloem It is a complex tissue that consists of four types of cells: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Sieve tubes are elongated tubes that conduct food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Companion cells help in the loading and unloading of food from the sieve tubes. Phloem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral transport. Phloem fibres provide support. It transports food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. It also provides mechanical support to the plant parts. It forms the bark or secondary growth in woody plants. Structure and Function of Animal Tissues
Animal tissues can be divided into four types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. The following table describes the structure and function of some animal tissues:
Animal Tissue Structure Function --- --- --- Epithelial Tissue It is a tissue that consists of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that cover the body surfaces, line the body cavities, and form the glands. The cells may be flat (squamous), cube-shaped (cuboidal), column-shaped (columnar), or ciliated. The cells may also secrete mucus, hormones, enzymes, or other substances. It protects the underlying tissues from injury, infection, dehydration, and chemical damage. It also secretes, absorbs, and filters substances. It forms the skin, mucous membranes, lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and various glands. Connective Tissue It is a tissue that consists of loosely arranged cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix. The matrix may be fluid (blood), gel-like (areolar), fibrous (tendons), elastic (ligaments), hard (bone), or rubbery (cartilage). The cells may be fibroblasts, adipocytes, blood cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes, etc. It supports, binds, and transports substances. It forms the bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood, lymph, etc. Muscular Tissue It is a tissue that consists of elongated cells that contract and relax to produce movement. The cells may be striated (with alternating light and dark bands), smooth (without striations), or cardiac (with intercalated discs). The cells may also be voluntary (under conscious control) or involuntary (not under conscious control). It produces movement of the body parts or organs. It forms the skeletal muscles, smooth muscles of internal organs, and cardiac muscles of the heart. Nervous Tissue It is a tissue that consists of specialized cells called neurons that transmit electrical impulses and coordinate various activities. The neurons have three parts: cell body (contains the nucleus and cytoplasm), dendrites (receive signals from other neurons), and axon (send signals to other neurons or effectors). The neurons are supported by other cells called neuroglia that provide nutrition, protection, and insulation. It carries messages from one part of the body to another. It forms the brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs, etc. Chapter 2 Important Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Here are some multiple choice questions based on Chapter 2:
Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells?
A) They have a cell wall
B) They have a nucleus
C) They have a single chromosome
D) They have ribosomes
Answer: B) They have a nucleus
Which of the following is not a type of plastid?
A) Chloroplast
B) Chromoplast
C) Leucoplast
D) Lysoplast
Answer: D) Lysoplast
Which of the following is not a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
A) Transport of materials within the cell
B) Synthesis of proteins and lipids
C) Digestion of waste materials and foreign invaders
D) Detoxification of harmful substances
Answer: C) Digestion of waste materials and foreign invaders
Which of the following is not a type of epithelial tissue?
A) Squamous epithelium
B) Cuboidal epithelium
C) Columnar epithelium
D) Fibrous epithelium
Answer: D) Fibrous epithelium
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?
A) Areolar tissue
B) Adipose tissue
C) Nerve tissue
D) Bone tissue
Answer: C) Nerve tissue
larynx, etc.
Describe the structure and function of different types of muscular tissues.
Answer: Muscular tissues are composed of elongated cells that contract and relax to produce movement. The cells may be striated (with alternating light and dark bands), smooth (without striations), or cardiac (with intercalated discs). The cells may also be voluntary (under conscious control) or involuntary (not under conscious control). There are different types of muscular tissues, such as:
Skeletal muscle tissue: It is a type of muscular tissue that consists of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells that have striations. It is attached to the bones by tendons and is under voluntary control. It produces movement of the body parts and maintains posture.
Smooth muscle tissue: It is a type of muscular tissue that consists of spindle-shaped, uninucleated cells that do not have striations. It is found in the walls of internal organs such as stomach, intestine, uterus, blood vessels, etc. and is under involuntary control. It produces peristalsis, vasoconstriction, dilation, etc.
Cardiac muscle tissue: It is a type of muscular tissue that consists of branched, uninucleated cells that have striations and intercalated discs. It is found in the wall of the heart and is under involuntary control. It produces rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue.
Answer: Nervous tissue is a tissue that consists of specialized cells called neurons that transmit electrical impulses and coordinate various activities. The neurons have three parts: cell body (contains the nucleus and cytoplasm), dendrites (receive signals from other neurons), and axon (send signals to other neurons or effectors). The neurons are supported by other cells called neuroglia that provide nutrition, protection, and insulation. The function of nervous tissue is to carry messages from one part of the body to another. It forms the brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs, etc.
Conclusion
Key Points to Remember
In this article, we have learned about S Chand Biology Class 9 Chapter 2 PDF free download. Here are some key points to remember:
Chapter 2 is titled "Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life" and it deals with the structure and function of cells and tissues.
Cells are the basic units of life that make up all living organisms. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar structure and function.
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells. They do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells. They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
The main components of a cell are: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Cell organelles are specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell.
There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues are classified into meristematic tissues and permanent tissues. Animal tissues are classified into epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues, and nervous tissues.
The structure and function of different types of plant tissues are: parenchyma (storage, photosynthesis, respiration, secretion), collenchyma (support, flexibility), sclerenchyma (strength, rigidity), xylem (transport of water and minerals), phloem (transport of food).
The structure and function of different types of animal tissues are: epithelial (protection, secretion, absorption, filtration), connective (support, bind ing, transport), muscular (movement), nervous (communication, coordination).
You can download Chapter 2 PDF for free from the official website of S Chand Publishing or read it online.
You can also practice the important questions given at the end of the chapter to test your understanding and prepare for the exams.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions and their answers based on Chapter 2:
Q: What is the difference between cell and tissue?
A: A cell is the smallest unit of life that can perform all the functions of living organisms. A tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and function.
Q: What is the difference between cell wall and cell membrane?
A: A cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane in some cells, such as plants, bacteria, and fungi. It provides shape and protection to the cell. A cell membrane is a flexible layer that separates the cell from the environment. It regulates the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell.
Q: What is the difference between nucleus and nucleolus?
A: A nucleus is a double-membrane bound organelle that contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell. It controls the activities of the cell. A nucleolus is a small spherical structure inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes.
Q: What is the difference between meristematic and permanent tissues?
A: Meristematic tissues are composed of undifferentiated cells that divide rapidly and continuously. They are responsible for growth and development of plants. Permanent tissues are composed of differentiated cells that have a specific structure and function. They are derived from meristematic tissues.
Q: What is the difference between striated and smooth muscles?
A: Striated muscles are composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells that have striations or alternating light and dark bands. They are attached to the bones by tendons and are under voluntary control. They produce movement of the body parts and maintain posture. Smooth muscles are composed of spindle-shaped, uninucleated cells that do not have striations. They are found in the walls of internal organs such as stomach, intestine, uterus, blood vessels, etc. and are under involuntary control. They produce peristalsis, vasoconstriction, dilation, etc.
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